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The Army also has a non-ceremonial flag that is often seen flying from military buildings and is used at recruiting and military events and exhibitions. In Operation Overlord three Mosquito FB Mk. [62], The armies travelled to Constantinople by various routes, with Godfrey taking the land route through the Balkans. Next, he led his forces around the south and west of London, burning along the way. Army Headquarters is further organised into two subordinate commands, Field Army and Home Command, each commanded by a lieutenant general. Between 2001 and 26 April 2014 a total of 453 British military personnel died in Afghan operations. All the latest news, views, sport and pictures from Dumfries and Galloway. The two groups intended to meet again at Dorylaeum, but on 1 July the Normans, who had marched ahead of the French, were attacked by Kilij Arslan. [169] Wingspan had been increased to 62ft (19m), the Brownings had been moved to a fairing below the fuselage. The Mosquito FB Mk. [12], In May 1937, as a comparison to P.13/36, George Volkert, the chief designer of Handley Page, put forward the concept of a fast, unarmed bomber. Benjamin rallies his side, and he and Tavington meet in personal combat. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower in command of Allied forces. [143] The first operational flight by a PR Mk IV was made by DK284 in April 1942. The pilot noticed this most in the control column, with handling becoming more difficult. (Hansard, 13 June 1878)", "AN IMPERIAL YEOMANRY RESERVE. Harold's sons were meanwhile raiding the southwest of England from a base in Ireland. The convoy contained five M1114 armored Humvees. [178], After the war, two more night fighter versions were developed: Perhaps another stipulation of the treaty was the expulsion of Edgar the theling from Malcolm's court. [10], The Italo-Normans were successful in seizing much of Southern Italy and Sicily from the Byzantines and North African Arabs in the decades before the First Crusade. Boiten, Theo. ": Wartime footage of Coastal Command 57mm cannon and 60lb rocket-armed Mosquitos, 627 Squadron RAF Mosquito Pathfinders Based at RAF Woodall Spa, Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) report on the crash of T.III G-ASKH, 1996, "America Reports On Aid To Allies etc. [42] Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. 8 Group mounted the first of 36 consecutive night raids on Berlin. The Latin narrative sources for the First Crusade are: (1) the anonymous Gesta Francorum; (2) Peter Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere; (3) the Monte Cassino chronicle Historia belli sacri; (4) Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem by Raymond of Aguilers; (5) Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium by Fulcher of Chartres; (6) Albert of Aachen's Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis; (7) Ekkehard of Aura's Hierosolymita; (8) Robert the Monk's Historia Hierosolymitana; (9) Baldric of Dol's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV; (10) Radulph of Caen's Gesta Tancredi in expeditione Hierosolymitana; and (11) Dei gesta per Francos by Guibert of Nogent. [124][nb 18], The first Mosquito Squadron to be equipped with Oboe (navigation) was No. B.IV bomber, serial no. [103] The Western Task Force included the battleships Arkansas, Nevada, and Texas, plus eight cruisers, twenty-eight destroyers, and one monitor. A Black Soldier's Letters Home. This may have been why he piously refused the crown on the grounds that it could only be worn by Christ. York was captured by the combined forces of Edgar and Sweyn. [176] Bayeux was not captured the first day because of stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division. The film opened behind Warner Bros The Perfect Storm, which opened at #1 with $41,325,042. Later, the DH.91 Albatross airliner pioneered the composite wood construction used for the Mosquito. Henry Stebbings[161] wrote his History of Chivalry and the Crusades,[162] a discussion of chivalry and history of the first seven Crusades. By dawn on 7 June, Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Morris, Rosemary (2006). " "Mosquito: A Celebration of de Havilland's 'Wooden Wonder'. [92][93], A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance's sabotage efforts: "In the southeast, 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places. Although it is the second largest city of Manche after Cherbourg, it remains the prefecture of the department. [146], William and his wife Matilda had at least nine children. [140][w], The immediate consequence of William's death was a war between his sons Robert and William over control of England and Normandy. [169] Its 75mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00, when an Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) tank fired a large petard charge into its rear entrance. [nb 26] DH Chief Production Engineer, Harry Povey, was sent first, then W. D. Hunter followed on an extended stay, to liaise with materials and parts suppliers. During the American Revolutionary War in 1776, Captain Benjamin Martin, a veteran of the French and Indian War and a widower with seven children, is called to Charleston to vote in the South Carolina General Assembly on a levy supporting the Continental Army. Taef El-Azhari (2006). Estimates for the number of knights range from 7,000 to 10,000; 35,000 to 50,000 foot soldiers; and including non-combatants a total of 60,000 to 100,000. [74], After passing through the Cilician Gates, Baldwin and Tancred broke away from the main body of the army and set off towards the Armenian lands. [100] William's half-brother Odo perhaps expected to be appointed to Canterbury, but William probably did not wish to give that much power to a family member. Seven of the eleven panzer or panzergrenadier divisions stationed in France were not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944.[55]. It had to produce the correct 3D tilt in each of two planes. She later married Herluin de Conteville, with whom At Mike Beach on the western flank, a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of fascine, which were then covered by a temporary bridge. "[51] Secretary of the Army John McHugh was also humbled by their courage, stating "We remain grateful for and humbled by their extraordinary courage and valor." [132], William took over an English government that was more complex than the Norman system. However, on both lists, the Mosquito is listed as unserviceable. After a difficult march through Anatolia, the crusaders began the Siege of Antioch, capturing the city in June 1098. Two further Norman retreats were feigned, to once again draw the English into pursuit and expose them to repeated attacks by the Norman cavalry. This decision received criticism from Spike Lee, who in a letter to The Hollywood Reporter accused the film's portrayal of slavery as being "a complete whitewashing of history". [i] The marriage nevertheless went ahead sometime in the early 1050s,[43][j] possibly unsanctioned by the pope. [207] Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success. [133] These RCM (radio countermeasures) aircraft were fitted with a device called "Serrate" to allow them to track down German night fighters from their Lichtenstein B/C (low-UHF-band) and Lichtenstein SN-2 (lower end of the VHF FM broadcast band) radar emissions, as well as a device named "Perfectos" that tracked German IFF signals. After waiting a short while, William secured Dover, parts of Kent, and Canterbury, while also sending a force to capture Winchester, where the royal treasury was. William's movements during 1084 and 1085 are unclear he was in Normandy at Easter 1084 but may have been in England before then to collect the danegeld assessed that year for the defence of England against an invasion by King Cnut IV of Denmark. [32], Although Tarleton gained the reputation among Americans as a butcher for his involvement in the Battle of Waxhaws in South Carolina, he was a hero in the City of Liverpool. [160] The Merlin 31 powered B Mk VII was built by de Havilland Canada and first flown on 24 September 1942. Reserves for this group included the 2nd, 21st, and 116th Panzer divisions. An earlier work by Thomas Fuller,[150] The Historie of the Holy Warre[151] refers to the entire enterprise as the Holy War, with individual campaigns called voyages. Museums, memorials, and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year. [160] It also deploys the Very Short-Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) Starstreak HVM (high-velocity missile) launched by a single soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher. The long period of engagement also discouraged many potential recruits. Some 300 were built and another 37 converted to T.29 standard. [205] Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies. After Operation Overlord, the U-boat threat in the Western Approaches decreased fairly quickly, but correspondingly the Norwegian and Danish waters posed greater dangers. [195] Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D-Day,[196] with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June. [26][27] The Royal Scots and Irish Armies were financed by the parliaments of Scotland and Ireland. [174] Company Sergeant Major Stanley Hollis received the only Victoria Cross awarded on D-Day for his actions while attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point. [184] Casualties at Juno were 961 men. "[94], Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian Correlli Barnett as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning". Not all of the Normans who accompanied William in the initial conquest acquired large amounts of land in England. [180], Media related to De Havilland Mosquito FB at Wikimedia Commons, The FB Mk. Adolf Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion. [116] Relations between the newly created Crusader states of the County of Edessa and Principality of Antioch were variable. The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English This crusader force was almost annihilated in Asia Minor by the Seljuks, but the survivors helped to reinforce the kingdom upon their arrival in Jerusalem. "Jerusalem, Siege of (1099)". [37] Scotti's book, however, did not come out until two years after The Patriot. The city's rich treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to buy Samosata from Balduk. Dancer & Hearne processed much of the wood from start to finish, receiving timber and transforming it into finished wing spars at their factory in Penn Street on the outskirts of High Wycombe. [18] At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long-delayed second front in May 1944. [e] His mother Herleva was a daughter of Fulbert of Falaise; he may have been a tanner or embalmer. The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns. [28] This was confirmed on 1 January 1940, when Freeman chaired a meeting with Geoffrey de Havilland, John Buchanan (Deputy of Aircraft Production), and John Connolly (Buchanan's chief of staff). [76][77][78], Commander, SHAEF: General Dwight D. Eisenhower [129] The 7th Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01:20, but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway. 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944. No. He was the only son of Robert I, son of Richard II. There is only one empty string, because two strings are only different if they have different lengths or a different sequence of symbols A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat.Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; usually their main armament is mounted in a turret.They are a mainstay of modern 20th and 21st century ground forces and a key part of Meanwhile, the army led by Peter, which marched separately from Walter's army, also fought with the Hungarians, and may have captured Belgrade. Edgar, having lost much of his support, fled to Scotland,[98] where King Malcolm III was married to Edgar's sister Margaret. [200] The Germans had ordered French civilians other than those deemed essential to the war effort to leave potential combat zones in Normandy. [141] The well-known chanson de geste, Chanson d'Antioche, describes the First Crusade from the original preaching through the taking of Antioch in 1098 and into 1099. [53] It was the first major transfer of forces from France to the east since the creation of Fhrer Directive 51, which eased restrictions on troop transfers to the eastern front. [73], The crusaders' march through Anatolia was thereafter unopposed, but the journey was unpleasant, as Arslan had burned and destroyed everything he left behind in his army's flight. [85] In total there were 195,700 naval personnel involved; of these 112,824 were from the Royal Navy with another 25,000 from the Merchant Navy; 52,889 were American; and 4,998 sailors from other allied countries. Cole, William, "Senators Want Explanation For Army's Reversal On Wanat", "Taliban claim killing 20 US troops in Kunar", "Afghan Officials Aided an Attack on U.S. [citation needed], On 4 June the vanguard of Kerbogha's 40,000 strong army arrived surrounding the Franks. They fought together in the crusader defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104, but the Antiocheans claimed suzerainty and blocked the return of Baldwin II of Jerusalem after his capture at the battle. [103] An estimated 100 soldiers committed suicide during Operation Banner or soon afterwards and a similar number died in accidents. [83][84] The engine radiators were fitted in the inner wing, just outboard of the fuselage on either side. [40] Henry and Geoffrey led another invasion of Normandy in 1057 but were defeated by William at the Battle of Varaville. After almost half an hour of intense fighting at the observation post, only one soldier Pitts remained. [61] By 1050, however, relations between the king and the earl had soured, culminating in a crisis in 1051 that led to the exile of Godwin and his family from England. Outnumbered two to one, the Franks launched a surprise dawn attack and routed the overconfident and unprepared Muslim force. [57], The English were involved politically and militarily in Ireland since receiving the Lordship of Ireland from the pope in 1171. It had a maximum speed of 378mph (608km/h) at 13,200ft (4,000m). The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing barrage balloons. [124], The British Army has been a volunteer force since national service ended during the 1960s. Mosquitos of No. Bombs were dropped on Luton and elsewhere, and this particular aircraft was seen from the main de Havilland offices and factory at Hatfield. In his letters to his parents, he constantly spoke of his frustration that the war was continuing without him, calling 46 the speech was and Koenig tried to hustle him through the door, but de Gaulle shook off their hands and never faltered. 218 Squadron RAF in Operation Glimmer. In addition, the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles. The First War (12961328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of EdinburghNorthampton in 1328. Whereas Tavington is depicted as aristocratic but penniless, Tarleton came from a wealthy Liverpool merchant family. [2], While William was in Normandy, a former ally, Eustace, the Count of Boulogne, invaded at Dover but was repulsed. [20], During the English Civil War, the members of the Long Parliament realised that the use of county militia organised into regional associations (such as the Eastern Association), often commanded by local members of parliament (both from the House of Commons and the House of Lords), while more than able to hold their own in the regions which Parliamentarians controlled, were unlikely to win the war. For many decades the alleged excesses of the New Model Army under the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell were used as propaganda (and still feature in Irish folklore) and the Whig element recoiled from allowing a standing army. ", "Coronavirus: Up to 20,000 troops on standby to help deal with COVID-19 outbreak", "UK troops training forces in Ukraine to leave this weekend", "Ukraine's military recruits need training. Tostig went into exile in Flanders, along with his wife Judith, who was the daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. The electric generators also powered the fire extinguishers. [116] The main objective was to prepare for the invasion of occupied Europe a year later. The great French nobles and their trained armies of knights were not the first to undertake the journey towards Jerusalem. As a result of the potential threat, a decision was quickly taken to develop a high-altitude Mosquito interceptor, using the MP469 prototype. Relations with the Empire's Islamic neighbours were no more quarrelsome than relations with the Slavs or Western Christians. [66] As it was expected to be the site of the invasion, the Pas de Calais was heavily defended. On his southbound journey, he began constructing Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge Castles. [49] There are some written descriptions of a burly and robust appearance, with a guttural voice. DH had always recognised that casein assembly adhesive was unsuitable for Mosquitos entering Far East service. [4] They established small patrol bases, which came under regular attack by Taliban forces. In response to the report, Schloesser concluded that the governor and local police chief "had probably been acting under duress and had been cooperative with American troops." The most-commonly-seen uniforms are No.1 Dress (full ceremonial, seen at formal occasions such as at the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace) and No.2 Dress (Service Dress), a brown khaki uniform worn for non-ceremonial parades. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere. When Benjamin's son Thomas tries to free Gabriel, he is shot and killed by Tavington, who then orders the Martins' house burned and all wounded Americans executed. Before ensuring that the various armies were shuttled across the Bosporus, Alexios advised the leaders on how best to deal with the Seljuk armies that they would soon encounter. By the 11th century, Islamic control of Spain was gradually eroded by the Reconquista, but the situation in the Holy Land had deteriorated. They found that the "standard of glueing left much to be desired. [citation needed], Bibliographies of works on the First Crusade through the 20th century include ones by French medievalist and Byzantinist Ferdinand Chalandon in his Histoire de la Premire Croisade jusqu' l'lection de Godefroi de Bouillon[185] and the Select Bibliography on the Crusades,[186] compiled by Hans E. Mayer and Joyce McLellan. [236], Another type of reserve force was created during the period between the French Revolution and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. There is only one empty string, because two strings are only different if they have different lengths or a different sequence of symbols HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, which is responsible for all recruiting and training of Officers and Soldiers. The NF Mk 30 had a maximum speed of 424mph (682km/h) at 26,500ft (8,100m). [p] The Danish king had brought a large fleet to England and attacked not only York but Exeter and Shrewsbury. After further military efforts, William was crowned king on Christmas Day, 1066, in London. A Black Soldier's Letters Home. thelred died unexpectedly in 1016, and Cnut became king of England. [60] The trip is unlikely given William's absorption in warfare with Anjou at the time. "[41], An investigation by the U.S. Army, completed on August 13 and released to the public the first week of November 2008, found that the Taliban fighters had been assisted by the Afghan local police (ALP), forces and a district leader. While Bohemond asserted his claim to Antioch, not everyone agreed (most notably Raymond of Toulouse), so the crusade was delayed for the rest of the year while the nobles argued amongst themselves. [10] David Arnold, who composed the scores to Emmerich's Stargate, Independence Day, and Godzilla, created a demo for The Patriot that was ultimately rejected. The Normans "deployed in a tight-knit defensive formation", surrounding all their equipment and the non-combatants who had followed them along the journey, and sent for help from the other group. These histories used primary source materials, but they used them selectively to talk of Holy War (bellum sacrum), and their emphasis was upon prominent individuals and upon battles and the intrigues of high politics. B. Heath and Dancer & Hearne. DZ540 first flew on 1 January 1944. [162] The two-stage powerplants were added along with a pressurised cabin. [155][157] 27 B Mk IVs were later converted for special operations with the Highball anti-shipping weapon, and were used by 618 Squadron, formed in April 1943 specifically to use this weapon. 26, built in Canada, and the FB Mk 40, built in Australia, powered by Packard Merlins. Four F Mk XVs were converted to the NF Mk XV. "Western Sources". The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. Gabriel decides to rejoin the Continentals and Benjamin soon follows, leaving the younger children in the care of Benjamin's sister-in-law, Charlotte. 105 and 139 Squadrons, on 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of the Nazis' seizure of power, a morning Mosquito attack knocked out the main Berlin broadcasting station while Luftwaffe Chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Gring was speaking, putting his speech off the air. The army is administered by the Ministry of Defence and commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. ", This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 04:01. Edgar remained at William's court until 1086 when he went to the. Henry was still a minor, however, and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, so these claims should be treated with caution. Total Mosquito production was 7,781, of which 6,710 were built during the war. [4], The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English Army and Scots Army that were created during the Restoration in 1660. [65] For cruising, the optimum speed for obtaining maximum range was 200mph (320km/h) at 17,000lb (7,700kg) weight. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, meant that most of the strongpoints were never built. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent sometime between 1055 and 1057. [70] Hoping rather to force a capitulation, or find a traitor inside the citya tactic that had previously seen Antioch change to the control of the Byzantines and then the Seljuk Turksthe crusader army began a siege on 20 October 1097. VI wings flew close air support for the Allied armies in co-operation with other RAF units equipped with the North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber. A total of 466 were built with the first entering service with No. [99] The Germans also had several U-boats available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built a castle as a base of operations. Boog, Horst, Gerhard Krebs and Detlef Vogel. After a long effort, the duke succeeded in exiling Guy in 1050. [citation needed], The first use of the term crusades was by 17th century French Jesuit and historian Louis Maimbourg[148] in his Histoire des Croisades pour la dlivrance de la Terre Sainte,[149] a populist and royalist history of the Crusades from 1195 to 1220. These were consequently also referred to as Auxiliary Forces or Local Forces. By 1031 Robert had gathered considerable support from noblemen, many of whom would become prominent during William's life. "[36] The coalition forces continued to maintain a larger patrol base about four miles away from Wanat and concentrated on protecting the larger Pech River Valley. In May 1096, Emicho of Flonheim (sometimes incorrectly known as Emicho of Leiningen) attacked the Jews at Speyer and Worms. [66], The First World War was the most devastating in British military history, with nearly 800,000 men killed and over twomillion wounded. During an investigation into Manning's quotes, Newsweek reporter John Horn discovered that the newspaper had never heard of him. To slow or eliminate the enemy's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period, airborne operations were used to seize key objectives such as bridges, road crossings, and terrain features, particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas. [52], In November 2010, the U.S. Army's Combat Studies Institute published a historical account of the Battle of Wanat. Those who wish to swear by God use the following words:[9], I, [soldier's or commissioned officer's name], swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles III, his heirs and successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend His Majesty, his heirs and successors in person, crown and dignity against all enemies and will observe and obey all orders of His Majesty, his heirs, and successors and of the generals and officers set over me. Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production, nicknamed it "Freeman's Folly", alluding to Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid While the Seljuk hold on Jerusalem was weak (the group later lost the city to the Fatimids), returning pilgrims reported difficulties and the oppression of Christians. [24] Elaborate deceptions, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion. [155] The AS-90 is a 155mm self-propelled armoured gun with a 24-kilometre (15mi) range. [122] In 1082 William ordered the arrest of his half-brother Odo. "People's Crusades (1096)". 526 were built. [nb 22], Unlike the F Mk II, the ventral bay doors were split into two pairs, with the forward pair being used to access the cannon, while the rear pair acted as bomb bay doors. [182] The maximum fuel load was 719.5impgal (3,271l) distributed between 453impgal (2,060l) internal fuel tanks, plus two overload tanks, each of 66.5impgal (302l) capacity, which could be fitted in the bomb bay, and two 100impgal (450l) drop tanks. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many [189] His doctoral students are among the most renowned in the world[190] and he led the team that created the Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 10961149. Early life and career. However, it is clear that the response to the speech was much greater than even the Pope, let alone Alexios, expected. [63] Bohemund and Tancred led their Normans by sea to Durazzo, and thence by land to Constantinople. "[39] The Associated Press reported that the attack underscored a general gain in strength of Afghan insurgents. [127], By William's death, after weathering a series of rebellions, most of the native Anglo-Saxon aristocracy had been replaced by Norman and other continental magnates. The Martins care for both British and American wounded from a nearby battle before British Dragoons led by Colonel William Tavington arrive, arrest Gabriel with the intention of hanging him as a spy, and seize Benjamin's African American workers for their own use. [85] The locally recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, becoming home-service battalions of the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992 before it was disbanded in 2006. 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