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Winston Churchill entered the Royal Military College of Sandhurst, and graduated with honors in December of 1894 1. However, Franco's subsequent behaviour proved it was not such a ridiculous proposition. Historian Andrew Roberts says the independence of India was a "national humiliation" but it was necessitated by urgent financial, administrative, strategic and political needs. [1], She is portrayed in the 2017 British film Darkest Hour by Lily James. Elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935, and at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament, he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler and Mussolini in the lead-up to the Second World War. The newly established National Coal Board offered sick pay and holiday pay to miners. He has destroyed the last fortress of democracy in Eastern Europe which stood in the way of his ambition. Until then, his political views had been more conservative. [104] Conservatives would later criticise Labour for having been "too hasty" in introducing family allowances. [185] In 1942 the British Raj tried to enlist all major political parties in support of the war effort. He wrote on page 30: In a civilised community, although it may be composed of self-reliant individuals, there will be some persons who will be unable at some period of their lives to look after themselves, and the question of what is to happen to them may be solved in three ways they may be neglected, they may be cared for by the organised community as of right, or they may be left to the goodwill of individuals in the community. Without firing a shot, by the mere display of military force, he has achieved a dominating position in Europe which Germany failed to win after four years of war. [66], However, the new Czechoslovakian state did not provide equal rights to the Slovaks and Sudeten Germans,[67] with the historian Arnold J. Toynbee already having noted that "for the Germans, Magyars and Poles, who account between them for more than one quarter of the whole population, the present regime in Czechoslovakia is not essentially different from the regimes in the surrounding countries". [133], A number of regulations aimed at safeguarding the health and safety of people at work were also introduced during Attlee's time in office. In 1946, universal family allowances were introduced to provide financial support to households for raising children. Lily Chloe Ninette Thomson [2] was born on 5 April 1989[3] in Esher, Surrey,[2][4] the daughter of Ninette Mantle, an actress, and James "Jamie" Thomson, a musician. "The Attlee government and welfare state reforms in post-war Italian Socialism (194551): Between universalism and class policies". [115][116][117] In 1946, Purchase Tax was removed completely from kitchen fittings and crockery, while the rate was reduced on various gardening items. The provision of free school meals was expanded, and opportunities for university entrants were increased. [4] He won the European GT Championship in 1998 with Porsche, and competed in the FIA World GT Championship in 1999, and in the American Le Mans series in 2000. The current holder of the title is Jacob Rothschild, 4th [231], In foreign affairs, he did much to assist with the post-war economic recovery of Europe. Extreme violence ensued when Punjab and Bengal provinces were split. [161] That same year, thirteen Area Training Organisations were set up in England and one in Wales to coordinate teacher training. The abrupt end of the American Lend-Lease programme in August 1945 almost caused a crisis. [23][24], She was in a relationship with actor Matt Smith, whom she met while working on Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, from 2014 to 2019. [235] In 2004, he was voted the most successful British Prime Minister of the 20th century by a poll of 139 academics organised by Ipsos MORI. [82] Despite opinion polls indicating a strong Labour lead, opinion polls were then viewed as a novelty which had not proven their worth, and most commentators expected that Churchill's prestige and status as a "war hero" would ensure a comfortable Conservative victory. Attlee had inherited a country close to bankruptcy following the Second World War and beset by food, housing and resource shortages; despite his social reforms and economic programme, these problems persisted throughout his premiership, alongside recurrent currency crises and dependence on US aid. In return, they (and the wives of male contributors) were eligible for a wide range of benefits, including pensions, sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and funeral benefit. [15], He later served in the Mesopotamian campaign in what is now Iraq, where in April 1916 he was badly wounded, being hit in the leg by shrapnel from friendly fire while storming an enemy trench during the Battle of Hanna. [237], Attlee was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947. British policies in Palestine were perceived by the Zionist movement and the Truman administration to be pro-Arab and anti-Jewish, and Britain soon found itself unable to maintain public order in the face of a Jewish insurgency and a civil war. The Labour Party had long attracted aspiring leaders from Africa and had developed elaborate plans before the war. [197][198] Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948. His government also reformed trade union legislation, working practices and children's services; it created the National Parks system, passed the New Towns Act 1946 and established the town and country planning system. [172] However, the Cold War intensified during this period and the Soviets, who at the time were well behind the West in jet technology, reverse-engineered the Nene and installed their own version in the MiG-15 interceptor. "Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state". He lived to see the Labour Party return to power under Harold Wilson in 1964, but also to see his old constituency of Walthamstow West fall to the Conservatives in a by-election in September 1967. [40], In May 1930, Labour MP Oswald Mosley left the party after its rejection of his proposals for solving the unemployment problem, and Attlee was given Mosley's post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He won the Harmsworth Trophy (offshore powerboating) in 2004. Immediately upon its release, it sold hundreds of thousands of copies. When the Congress called for passive resistance in the "Quit India" movement of 19421945, it was Attlee who ordered the arrest and internment for the duration of tens of thousands of Congress leaders and crushed the revolt. [189] After becoming Prime Minister in 1945 Attlee originally planned to give India Dominion status in 1948,[190], Attlee suggested in his memoirs that "traditional" colonial rule in Asia was no longer viable. [188] Given the demands of the Muslim league, independence implied a partition that set off heavily Muslim Pakistan from the main portion of India. Churchill initially objected to the publication, sending a telegram. In this film, Nel is portrayed as starting to work as Churchill's secretary, on 10 May 1940, during the Battle of France. We are in an age of rearmaments, but we on this side cannot accept that position". Attlee tendered his resignation as Prime Minister the following day, after six years and three months in office. These frameworks help business models to be progressive. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. [214][215], He subsequently retired from the House of Commons and was elevated to the peerage as Earl Attlee and Viscount Prestwood on 16 December 1955,[86] taking his seat in the House of Lords on 25 January. At one point he agreed with the proposition put forward by Cripps that gradual reform was inadequate and that a socialist government would have to pass an emergency powers act, allowing it to rule by decree to overcome any opposition by vested interests until it was safe to restore democracy. Viceroy Wavell said he needed a further seven army divisions to prevent communal violence if independence negotiations failed. [111], Comprehensive Development Areas (CDAs), a designation under the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, allowed local authorities to acquire property in the designated areas using powers of compulsory purchase in order to re-plan and develop urban areas suffering from urban blight or war damage. She was ordered from the room as Churchill berated her, using the words "fool", "mug" and "idiot". The steel industry was nationalised in 1951. They have two children. Canada's home for News, Entertainment, Sports, Music and much more His first taste of ministerial office came in 1924, when he served as Under-Secretary of State for War in the short-lived first Labour government, led by MacDonald. After being discharged from the Army in January 1919, he returned to Stepney, and returned to his old job lecturing part-time at the London School of Economics.[21]. : the meaning of the 1945 general election". He spent the summer of that year touring Essex and Somerset on a bicycle, explaining the Act at public meetings. We have seen something more. Among the most important pieces of legislation was the National Insurance Act 1946, in which people in work were required to pay a flat rate of National Insurance. The Conservatives capitalised on the crisis with the slogan 'Starve with Strachey and shiver with Shinwell' (referring to the Minister of Food John Strachey). But he ended PM, CH and OM, an Earl and a Knight of the Garter". This resulted in strict rationing of food and other essential goods continuing in the post war period to force a reduction in consumption in an effort to limit imports, boost exports, and stabilise the Pound Sterling so that Britain could trade its way out of its financial state. His response reveals Attlee's growing concern that Soviet expansionism, supported by the British Communist Party, was a genuine threat to national security, and that the docks were highly vulnerable to sabotage ordered by Moscow. [152] Prefabricated classrooms were built and 928 new primary schools were constructed between 1945 and 1950. Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS (3 January 1883 8 October 1967) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. In March 1931, he became Postmaster General, a post he held for five months until August, when the Labour government fell, after failing to agree on how to tackle the financial crisis of the Great Depression. He is also commended for continuing the special relationship with the US and active involvement in NATO. He wrote: "I find that the proposition often reduces itself to this that if the Labour Party would drop its socialism and adopt a Liberal platform, many Liberals would be pleased to support it. The terms have not been terms negotiated; they have been terms laid down as ultimata. [32], Charity is only possible without loss of dignity between equals. When the victorious Chinese Communists government declared on 1 October 1949 that it would exchange diplomats with any country that ended relations with the Chinese Nationalists, Britain became the first western country to formally recognise the People's Republic of China in January 1950. [227], The journalist and broadcaster Anthony Howard called him "the greatest Prime Minister of the 20th century". Britain's first successful nuclear test, however, did not occur until 1952, one year after Attlee had left office. Reflecting pent-up demand that had long existed for medical services, the NHS treated some 8 and a half million dental patients and dispensed more than 5million pairs of spectacles during its first year of operation. We will update you on new newsroom updates. [11] James also appeared as Lady Rose in the series finale.[12]. Attlee's decision to fight caused a rift between him and his older brother Tom, who, as a conscientious objector, spent much of the war in prison. Attlee, who was a personal friend of Lansbury, strongly supported this. His last four years as leader were, however, widely seen as one of the Labour Party's weaker periods. [119] A Workers' Compensation (Supplementation) Act was passed in 1948 that introduced benefits for workers with certain asbestos-related diseases which had occurred before 1948. From 1945 to 1948, over 200 public Acts of Parliament were passed, with eight major pieces of legislation placed on the statute book in 1946 alone. Attlee returned Churchill in 19401945 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership, with Attlee's approval. [157] Salaries for teachers were also improved, and funds were allocated towards improving existing schools. The price was fixed under a commercial contract; a total of 55 jet engines were sold to the USSR in 1947. By 1937, Labour had jettisoned its pacifist position and came to support rearmament and oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. [7] After finishing her studies at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Hertfordshire, James went on to graduate from London's Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 2010. I didn't know which way to turn', "Saverio Costanzo Talks 'Finalmente L'alba' in Which Lily James Plays a 1950s Hollywood Star at Cinecitt First Look Image (EXCLUSIVE)", "The Iron Claw: What is the true story behind Zac Efron's new film? [211] One of his main reasons for staying on as leader was to frustrate the leadership ambitions of Herbert Morrison, whom Attlee disliked for both political and personal reasons. | He would write:[43]. Attlee worked backstage to handle much of the detail and organisational work in Parliament, as Churchill took centre stage with his attention on diplomacy, military policy and broader issues. [137], Within a few years of nationalisation, a number of progressive measures had been carried out which did much to improve conditions in the mines, including better pay, a five-day working week, a national safety scheme (with proper standards at all the collieries), a ban on boys under the age of 16 going underground, the introduction of training for newcomers before going down to the coalface, and the making of pithead baths into a standard facility.[138]. : A New History of the Labour Party, contributions in Parliament by Clement Attlee, Clement Attlee Thanksgiving Speech 1950 UK Parliament Living Heritage, "Archival material relating to Clement Attlee", Annotated bibliography for Clement Attlee from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Portraits of Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, Drawing of Clement Attlee in the UK Parliamentary Collections, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain, 1951 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom, Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom, Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation, Organisations associated with the Labour Party, Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East, National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs, Socialist Environment and Resources Association, Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Attlee&oldid=1118424726, 20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Academics of the London School of Economics, Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law, British Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs, Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Labour Party prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom), Members of Stepney Metropolitan Borough Council, Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Ministers in the Attlee governments, 19451951, Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 19401945, National Council for Civil Liberties people, People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, United Kingdom home front during World War II, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Association footballers not categorized by position, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Lady Felicity Ann (19252007), married the business executive. Moreover, most workers in nationalised industries exhibited an essentially instrumentalist attitude, favouring public ownership because it secured job security and improved wages rather than because it promised the creation of a new set of socialist relationships in the workplace. After the loss, Layton told the Churchills of her plans to marry Frans Nel. To this end, it undertook the nationalisation of public utilities and major industries, and implemented wide-ranging social reforms, including the passing of the National Insurance Act 1946 and National Assistance Act, the formation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, and the enlargement of public subsidies for council house building. He married Susan Angela More O'Ferrall, a member of an aristocratic Irish family and granddaughter of Sir Henry Mather-Jackson, 6th Bt., on 19 July 1974. [citation needed] However, after his shock at the poverty and deprivation he saw while working with the slum children, he came to the view that private charity would never be sufficient to alleviate poverty and that only direct action and income redistribution by the state would have any serious effect. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality. [88], As Prime Minister, Attlee appointed Hugh Dalton as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Ernest Bevin as Foreign Secretary, and Herbert Morrison as Deputy Prime Minister, with overall responsibility for nationalisation. He became the British leader most sympathetic to Indian independence (as a dominion), preparing him for his role in deciding on independence in 1947. Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half-million and a million men, women and children were killed. [54] Shortly after those comments, Adolf Hitler proclaimed that German rearmament offered no threat to world peace. Thus escalated a battle between the left and right wings of the Party that continues today. [37], Attlee opposed the 1926 General Strike, believing that strike action should not be used as a political weapon. The Fifth Estate reveals what happened when Russian soldiers whod retreated from a Ukrainian village were tracked down by journalists, including a surprising confession. [1] He supported the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe with American money and, in 1949, promoted the NATO military alliance against the Soviet bloc. [212] Two thousand people attended his funeral in November, including the then-Prime Minister Harold Wilson and the Duke of Kent, representing the Queen. [242], Limehouse Library was closed in 2003, after which the statue was vandalised. The vast majority of the party's senior figures, including the Leader Arthur Henderson, lost their seats. We can look in the future for no advance in Social Legislation. [14], The Gallipoli Campaign had been engineered by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. We have felt that we are in the midst of a tragedy. [100] Under the National Assistance Act 1948 local authorities had a duty "to provide emergency temporary accommodation for families which become homeless through no fault of their own". [5], Attlee's father died in 1908, leaving an estate valued for probate at 75,394 (equivalent to 8,374,628 in 2021[6]). [58] At the Labour Party conference at Edinburgh in October Attlee reiterated that "There can be no question of our supporting the Government in its rearmament policy". . The 1931 general election held later that year was a disaster for the Labour Party, which lost over 200 seats, returning only 52 MPs to Parliament. The minorities question is no new one. During the Second World War, Attlee was in charge of Indian affairs. Louis St. Laurent (French pronunciation: [lwi s l]) was born on February 1, 1882, in Compton, Quebec, a village in the Eastern Townships, to Jean-Baptiste-Mose Saint-Laurent, a French Canadian, and Mary Anne Broderick, an Irish Canadian.Louis was the oldest of seven children. He made sure that all of what we needed is delivered exactly how we wanted it. This "new colonialism" worked slowly, and had failures such as the Tanganyika groundnut scheme. Mr. Arora Romit was very patient with the requirements. [94] In January 1947, fear of both Soviet and American nuclear intentions led to a secret meeting of the Cabinet, where the decision was made to press ahead with the development of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent, an issue which later caused a split in the Labour Party. A right established by law, such as that to an old age pension, is less galling than an allowance made by a rich man to a poor one, dependent on his view of the recipient's character, and terminable at his caprice. The Raj immediately responded in 1942 by imprisoning the major national, regional and local Congress leaders for the duration. However, deteriorating relations between Britain and the USSR, as well as Britain's economic reliance on America following the Marshall Plan, steered policy towards supporting the US. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. They have four children: Lord Beaverbrook was a Lord in Waiting (19861988) and the Treasurer of the Conservative Party and the European Democrat Union (19901992). [61] Attlee was supportive of the Republican government, and at the 1937 Labour conference moved the wider Labour Party towards opposing what he considered the "farce" of the Non-Intervention Committee organised by the British and French governments. [102][103] These benefits had been legislated for the previous year by Churchill's Family Allowances Act 1945, and was the first measure pushed through parliament by Attlee's government. Biography. 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