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[55] A notable example is arciv, meaning "eagle," believed to have been the origin of Urartian Aribi and Northeast Caucasian arzu. Arm. About 50 dialects were known before 1915, when the Armenian population of Turkey was drastically reduced by means of massacre and forced exodus; some of these dialects were mutually unintelligible. In Western Armenian, Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and are pronounced as voiceless and, in some dialects, voiceless aspirated, having merged with Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and , whereas Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and are pronounced as /b/, /d/, /g/, /j/, and // in all Western dialects. In Woodard, Roger D. 2008. [13], Since 1991 the situation changed radically, in concern of studying it at secondary and high school as a general subject. Strabo, writing in the first century B.C., states that the Armenians entered the territory from two directions, one group coming from Phrygia in the west, the other coming from Mesopotamia in the southeast. [62] The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hbschmann (1875)[62][63] used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary. In Woodard, Roger D. Online language courses for college credit are offered through the University Extension (link opens in a new browser window). The most characteristic of the Armenian consonants are plosives (i.e., stops and affricates). inscription in Behistun by the Persian king Darius I. Some works have survived only through their Armenian translations, such as the Commentaries on the Benediction of Moses by Hippolytus, the first part of the Chronicle of Eusebius, and the Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes. Arm. Between these two time periods one further distinguishes two stages of the Armenian language: post-Classical, spanning the sixth and seventh centuries, and Pre-Middle Armenian, from the eighth to twelfth centuries. Armen Petrosyan. P.125. Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants. Each vowel phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. [68], Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic, splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian).[33][34]. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. English is the second learned language and the fastest growing foreign language in Armenia.[5]. Historically spoken in the Armenian Highlands, today Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. P.105. It was probably derived from the Pahlavi alphabet of Persia, with some Greek influences. ARMENIAN LANGUAGE_ _LITERATURE_ I. entrance portal to the ancient armenian Saint Gevorg Church with a wooden carved door. Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. In medial and final position the correspondences are different. More than a million books are available now via BitTorrent. R. D. Woodard). [106][107] Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of noun declension, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. Those letters were "; ; ", however it should be noted that in reality two letters were added, as "" stands for "and" in English. Many scholars believe that this was due to the large number of goats drawn on the stones, but according to Martirosyan it is because in the ancient Armenian language, the words "goat" and "writing" were homonyms (words of differing meaning that sound the same). Agatangelos notes that the temples were destroyed to the ground, his goal, of course, was . 1 9,81 MB added 10/13/2015 04:14 [12] Russian was the main language of academic research, although Armenia's constitution has recognized Armenian as the official language. Later it transformed into "ents", and in modern Armenian - into "yan"/"ian" (from "iants"). One of the territorial varieties of Middle Armenian became the official language of Lesser Armenia, the kingdom of Cilicia ruled by the Rubenid and Hethumid dynasties from the 11th to the 14th century. . In the early 20th century, it was estimated that only 3-4% of Armenians could read or speak Russian. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Currently it has its own unique branch in the language family. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of the Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words,[75] through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. Although by neither account were they the original inhabitants of the region, Xenophon records in 400 B.C. The Times is available at kiosks. Two more letters, () and (f), were added in the Middle Ages. Albanian language shows here again a connection to ancient languages like Sanskrit, Armenian or Greek! Due to their intrinsic fragility, almost nothing survivesneither carpets nor fragmentsfrom antiquity until the late . A small group of speakers live in north-western Iran, and some communities dot the countryside of eastern Turkey. 2014. pp. The northern border is continued by the Pontus mountain range, which extends west from the source of the Kur and shields Armenia from the Black Sea. In addition to those who speak Russian as a first language, 1,591,246 people or 52.7% of Armenia's citizens speak Russian as a second language. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by the Mekhitarists. [74], The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (9511003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. The Eastern Armenian language is used as a standard language by the Armenians living in Armenia, India, and ex-USSR republics. There are two great literary dialects of modern Armenian, in which it was necessary to publish the Bible, since the ancient Armenian (called Grapar, or "written") is no longer generally understood. Since 2008 Armenia is an associate member of the Francophonie and became its full member in October 2012. "Origins and historical development of the Armenian language." Armenia is an ethnically homogeneous country, in which Armenian is the official language and is spoken as a first language by the majority of its population. Nevertheless, a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is also literate in one of the standards, when exposed to the other dialect for a period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease. Armenian belongs to the satem (satm) group of Indo-European languages; this group includes those languages in which the palatal stops became palatal or alveolar fricatives, such as Slavic (with Baltic) and Indo-Iranian. Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities.[55][58][59][60][61]. In the initial position, Eastern Armenian has voiced or, in some dialects, voiced aspirated consonants corresponding to Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and ; intensive voiceless slightly glottalized plosives in place of Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and ; and voiceless slightly aspirated plosives in place of Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and . inscription in Behistun by the Persian king Darius I. Grabar, as the language of the first translation was known, became the standard for all subsequent literature, and its use produced what has come to be considered the golden age of Armenian literature. The Article 20 of the Constitution of Armenia states that "The state language of the Republic of Armenia is Armenian".[2]. With its 38 letters, the . that they seem to have absorbed most of the local dwellers. The Armenian language seems to have undergone several changes between the time of arrival into the transcaucasian region and the invention of the alphabet in the fifth century A.D., but unfortunately documentary evidence for the language during this period is lacking. R. D. Woodard). But by far the greatest number of borrowings come from Iranian. Armenia's constitution does not specify the linguistic standard. All three have ancient roots but all three have also evolved a long way from those roots. It was used in ancient manuscripts and during church ceremonies. 107,002 of the English-second language speakers are ethnic Armenians, the other 920 are of other ethnicities. After that, Mesrop began to translate the Christian Bible. The Ancient Armenian language Even before the creation of the Armenian alphabet in the 5th century, the local people were speaking the ancient Armenian language. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian,[69] and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek,[69] Syriac,[69] Aramaic,[70] Arabic,[71] Mongol,[72] Persian,[73] and indigenous languages such as Urartian. After a master's degree from the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, Dumikyan worked as a senior researcher in the Academy's Institute of History while completing her doctorate, which concerns 19 th century issues in French Armenology, and afterwards led to the Armenian-language book Issues in the History of Ancient and Early Medieval . 53-428 A.D.). Find royalty-free ANCIENT-ARMENIAN-LANGUAGE stock photos, images, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. The name Armeno-Phrygian is used for a hypothetical language branch, which would include the languages spoken by the Phrygians and the Armenians, and would be a branch of the Indo-European language family, or a sub-branch of either the proposed "Graeco-Armeno-Aryan" or "Armeno-Aryan" branches. The earliest record of the name " Armenia ". Urartian. Egyptian. James Clackson (2008). [17] Many Armenians speak Azerbaijani as a second language, since the country welcomed 370,000 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, including the former Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast during the Nagorno Karabakh War, which lasted from 19881994. Syllable of a word nearly 100,000 Armenian students within the family of Indo-European studies, 39 In October 2012, high-quality pictures added every day inhabitants of the origin of Armenian to come. 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